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2026
Lizzy Winstone, James Parsonage, Cassey Muir, Amie Randhawa, Lauren Cross, Georgie MacArthur, Evangelina Asiedu-Addo, Emma Garavini
Adolescents' Experiences of Social Media Content Types and Wellbeing: A Photo-Elicitation Interview Study Journal Article
In: Journal of Adolescence , 2026.
Links | Altmetric | Tags: Digital Interventions, Smartphone, Wellbeing, young adults, young people
@article{Winstone2026b,
title = {Adolescents' Experiences of Social Media Content Types and Wellbeing: A Photo-Elicitation Interview Study},
author = {Lizzy Winstone, James Parsonage, Cassey Muir, Amie Randhawa, Lauren Cross, Georgie MacArthur, Evangelina Asiedu-Addo, Emma Garavini},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jad.70231},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.70231},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-07-14},
urldate = {2026-07-14},
journal = {Journal of Adolescence },
keywords = {Digital Interventions, Smartphone, Wellbeing, young adults, young people},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2015
Claire Garnett, David Crane, Robert West, Jamie Brown; Susan Michie.
In: JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 3, no. 2, 2015.
Abstract | Links | Altmetric | Tags: Alcohol, alcohol consumption, Apps, Digital Interventions, Smartphone
@article{,
title = {Identification of Behavior Change Techniques and Engagement Strategies to Design a Smartphone App to Reduce Alcohol Consumption Using a Formal Consensus Method},
author = {Claire Garnett, David Crane, Robert West, Jamie Brown and Susan Michie. },
doi = {10.2196/mhealth.3895},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-06-29},
journal = {JMIR mHealth and uHealth},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
abstract = {Background
Digital interventions to reduce excessive alcohol consumption have the potential to have a broader reach and be more cost-effective than traditional brief interventions. However, there is not yet strong evidence for their ability to engage users or their effectiveness.
Objective
This study aimed to identify the behavior change techniques (BCTs) and engagement strategies most worthy of further study by inclusion in a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption, using formal expert consensus methods.
Methods
The first phase of the study consisted of a Delphi exercise with three rounds. It was conducted with 7 international experts in the field of alcohol and/or behavior change. In the first round, experts identified BCTs most likely to be effective at reducing alcohol consumption and strategies most likely to engage users with an app; these were rated in the second round; and those rated as effective by at least four out of seven participants were ranked in the third round. The rankings were analyzed using Kendall’s W coefficient of concordance, which indicates consensus between participants. The second phase consisted of a new, independent group of experts (n=43) ranking the BCTs that were identified in the first phase. The correlation between the rankings of the two groups was assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Results
Twelve BCTs were identified as likely to be effective. There was moderate agreement among the experts over their ranking (W=.465, χ211=35.8, P<.001) and the BCTs receiving the highest mean rankings were self-monitoring, goal-setting, action planning, and feedback in relation to goals. There was a significant correlation between the ranking of the BCTs by the group of experts who identified them and a second independent group of experts (Spearman’s rho=.690, P=.01). Seventeen responses were generated for strategies likely to engage users. There was moderate agreement among experts on the ranking of these engagement strategies (W=.563, χ215=59.2, P<.001) and those with the highest mean rankings were ease of use, design – aesthetic, feedback, function, design – ability to change design to suit own preferences, tailored information, and unique smartphone features.
Conclusions
The BCTs with greatest potential to include in a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption were judged by experts to be self-monitoring, goal-setting, action planning, and feedback in relation to goals. The strategies most likely to engage users were ease of use, design, tailoring of design and information, and unique smartphone features.},
keywords = {Alcohol, alcohol consumption, Apps, Digital Interventions, Smartphone},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background
Digital interventions to reduce excessive alcohol consumption have the potential to have a broader reach and be more cost-effective than traditional brief interventions. However, there is not yet strong evidence for their ability to engage users or their effectiveness.
Objective
This study aimed to identify the behavior change techniques (BCTs) and engagement strategies most worthy of further study by inclusion in a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption, using formal expert consensus methods.
Methods
The first phase of the study consisted of a Delphi exercise with three rounds. It was conducted with 7 international experts in the field of alcohol and/or behavior change. In the first round, experts identified BCTs most likely to be effective at reducing alcohol consumption and strategies most likely to engage users with an app; these were rated in the second round; and those rated as effective by at least four out of seven participants were ranked in the third round. The rankings were analyzed using Kendall’s W coefficient of concordance, which indicates consensus between participants. The second phase consisted of a new, independent group of experts (n=43) ranking the BCTs that were identified in the first phase. The correlation between the rankings of the two groups was assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Results
Twelve BCTs were identified as likely to be effective. There was moderate agreement among the experts over their ranking (W=.465, χ211=35.8, P<.001) and the BCTs receiving the highest mean rankings were self-monitoring, goal-setting, action planning, and feedback in relation to goals. There was a significant correlation between the ranking of the BCTs by the group of experts who identified them and a second independent group of experts (Spearman’s rho=.690, P=.01). Seventeen responses were generated for strategies likely to engage users. There was moderate agreement among experts on the ranking of these engagement strategies (W=.563, χ215=59.2, P<.001) and those with the highest mean rankings were ease of use, design – aesthetic, feedback, function, design – ability to change design to suit own preferences, tailored information, and unique smartphone features.
Conclusions
The BCTs with greatest potential to include in a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption were judged by experts to be self-monitoring, goal-setting, action planning, and feedback in relation to goals. The strategies most likely to engage users were ease of use, design, tailoring of design and information, and unique smartphone features.
Digital interventions to reduce excessive alcohol consumption have the potential to have a broader reach and be more cost-effective than traditional brief interventions. However, there is not yet strong evidence for their ability to engage users or their effectiveness.
Objective
This study aimed to identify the behavior change techniques (BCTs) and engagement strategies most worthy of further study by inclusion in a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption, using formal expert consensus methods.
Methods
The first phase of the study consisted of a Delphi exercise with three rounds. It was conducted with 7 international experts in the field of alcohol and/or behavior change. In the first round, experts identified BCTs most likely to be effective at reducing alcohol consumption and strategies most likely to engage users with an app; these were rated in the second round; and those rated as effective by at least four out of seven participants were ranked in the third round. The rankings were analyzed using Kendall’s W coefficient of concordance, which indicates consensus between participants. The second phase consisted of a new, independent group of experts (n=43) ranking the BCTs that were identified in the first phase. The correlation between the rankings of the two groups was assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.
Results
Twelve BCTs were identified as likely to be effective. There was moderate agreement among the experts over their ranking (W=.465, χ211=35.8, P<.001) and the BCTs receiving the highest mean rankings were self-monitoring, goal-setting, action planning, and feedback in relation to goals. There was a significant correlation between the ranking of the BCTs by the group of experts who identified them and a second independent group of experts (Spearman’s rho=.690, P=.01). Seventeen responses were generated for strategies likely to engage users. There was moderate agreement among experts on the ranking of these engagement strategies (W=.563, χ215=59.2, P<.001) and those with the highest mean rankings were ease of use, design – aesthetic, feedback, function, design – ability to change design to suit own preferences, tailored information, and unique smartphone features.
Conclusions
The BCTs with greatest potential to include in a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption were judged by experts to be self-monitoring, goal-setting, action planning, and feedback in relation to goals. The strategies most likely to engage users were ease of use, design, tailoring of design and information, and unique smartphone features.